Federal Express Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Federal Express - Case Study Example The complaint letter by an office manager portrays FedEx as a company with no value for its customer’s fulfillment. This is seen in the way they do not bother replying the stressed out customer. Anita has shown the strength of FedEx by stating the delivery of her cargo at last although it was too late. FedEx has shown strength by being ready to cut off shipping fees. They deliver goodies and chocolate as a make up gift to an unsatisfied customer. Background FedEx is a Memphis based Leading Corporation that handles the shipping of cargo by air to several destinations in the world. FedEx’s viewpoint is to place people first, provide them with the best service and take profits later (McDougall & Dorken, 147). FedEx is the first company to offer a money back policy to customers with complaints, and it is the only corporation that uses technology to trail its vans and cargoes. This study surveys the dealings of FedEx in relation to client fulfillment. Problem Statement Altho ugh FedEx is a leading cargo transporter, it does not fully provide client satisfaction as seen in exhibit 1. Anita Kilgour an office manager at desktop innovations has three complaints about the services offered to her company by FedEx express (McDougall & Dorken, 144). ... ards for being; â€Å"the leader in the use of technology, rigorous international standards for quality management and assurance, and the Malcolm Balridge National Quality Award† (McDougall & Dorken, 148). Situation Analysis A SWOT analysis on FedEx can be used to analyze the situation that occurred between desktop innovations and Federal Express. The strength of the company is stated in the manner in which FedEx recovered and delivered desktop innovation’s cargo. Weakness in the company is brought about by the problem of massive daily consignment leading to temporary losses. The company ships 2.9 million packages nightly, and serves 212 countries (McDougall & Dorken, 148). Opportunity for FedEx Company can be utilized through, using Anita’s complaint as an opportunity to upgrade its services. FedEx can add more staff, upgrade its tracking machines and offer satisfying compensations to unsatisfied clients. Threat for the company comes in the loss of reputation fo r the leading company. This negative advertisement can lead to FedEx facing stiff competition from rival companies. Alternatives FedEx as a leading company has to find alternatives to curb the customer dissatisfaction like the complaint lodged by Anita of desktop innovations. The first substitute that FedEx could use is to ship fewer cargoes instead of the 2.9 million cargoes shipped daily. This will lead to easier tracking of every cargo they ship, thus avoidance of loss or delays of cargoes. The subsequent alternative that could be useful to FedEx is on the phone department. Instead of FedEx putting up the 250 customer representatives in Canada only, the corporation could split them to other countries. After the split, the corporation could additionally divide them into complaints department and

Tituba and two elderly women Essay Example for Free

Tituba and two elderly women Essay However nobody can be held totally responsible, if the people had not believed Abigail and been so nai ve to think that witchcraft was present in the village none of it would have happened. The heroes of the story are all those that stuck to their principles and died for their cause. Corey would not condemn his friend as the others had done and stuck to his principles throughout the play. Rebecca Nurse who will not lie to save herself and Proctor who fights against the charges and does what is morally right in the end. Hale tried to be a hero as he tried to save the lives of the condemned but it was too late for him, the damage had been done. The village rapidly becomes split in two, those who are for the court and those against it. For the court are: Parris, Abigail, Danforth, Hathorne, Mary Warren, Putnam and Goody Putnam, all having very different reasons for being on that side, they are also supported by the majority of the. Against the court are: Elizabeth, Proctor, Giles Corey, Martha Corey, Rebecca Nurse and Francis Nurse. Hale is for the court proceedings at the beginning of the story then changes to against during the court scene in Act Three. These are quotes that support the court: Mrs Putnam: You think it is Gods work you should never lose a child, nor grandchild either, and I shall bury all but one? There are wheels within wheels in this village, and fire within fires! Putnam: She cannot bear to hear the Lords name, Mr Hale; thats a sure sign of witchcraft afloat. This woman must be hanged! She must be taken and hanged! Mary: I must tell you sir, I will be gone every day now. I am amazed that you not see what weighty work we do. You must see it sir, its Gods work we do. So Ill be gone every day for some time. Im I am an official of the court, they say. I am bound by law, I cannot tell it. Cheever: I am a clerk of the court now, yknow. Hathorne: Arrest him Excellency! This is contempt, sir, contempt. Danforth: This is the highest court of the supreme government of this province, do you know it? But you must understand, sir, a person is either with this court or he must be counted against it, there be no road in between. Hang them high over the town! Who weeps for these weeps for corruption! Parris: Hes come to overthrow this court, Your Honour! These are quotes against the court: Rebecca: I think Ill go then. I am too old for this. Francis: Reverend Hale! Can you not speak to the Deputy Governor? Im sure he mistakes these people. We have proof of it, sir. They are all deceiving you. Proctor: If she is innocent! Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clear as Gods fingers? Ill tell you whats walking Salem vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law. I will fall like an ocean on that court! Hale after he sides with the court: I denounce these proceedings, I quit this court! Throughout the play Miller is trying to convey certain messages which he felt were important. Although this was written fifty years ago, many are relevant today. One message is Power corrupts the power that Abigail held over not only the girls but also the community helped her to corrupt their minds and beliefs. Without this corrupting power the situation would not have gone to court and innocent people would not have died. Corporal and capital punishment are wrong. Throughout the play each character that was for the court was not for it for the right reasons. Parris was for the court to gain revenge on Proctor and to retain his position in the community, Abigail to take the blame off herself and to eradicate Elizabeth from the love triangle, Putnam to gain land and Mrs Putnam as she cannot seem to grasp the fact that she cannot have children, Hathorne and Danforth as they are enforcing the law and Mary Warren as she is taken in by Abigail. None of the accusations are based on true facts, as a result of these lies innocent people were hanged. If we read the Echoes down the Corridor it states that Twenty years after the last execution, the government awarded compensation to the victims still living and to the families of the dead. Basically the government admits that the hangings were wrong, but no money will bring back the people who were lost, capital punishment cannot bring back the dead if they are found to be innocent later. Echoes down the corridor gives the reader an insight into what happened after the hangings and the effect on the community, Parris was voted from office and left Salem, Abigail turns into a prostitute, Elizabeth married again and farms belonging to victims were left to ruin. The things mentioned are true and are not fictional it shows that Abigail, after her scheming lying ended up in the lowest, demeaning job. Greed is a powerful motivator. The Putnams throughout the play are fuelled by their greed for more land. Their motivation for encouraging the trials, along with the death of their seven babies was greed for land. They do not care who they hurt and consequently, in effect murder, so long as they get what they want. Consider the consequences of your words/actions. Throughout the story people did not think what the possible consequences could be of crying witchcraft. If Abigail had stopped to think that there was a possibility that Proctor would have been hanged, she would not have done what she did. Proctor did not think when he slept with Abigail that Elizabeth would find out and that it would cause friction in their relationship. If Mrs Putnam had accepted the fact that she cannot bear children, she would not have accused anyone, then lives would not have been lost. If Hale had realised right from the beginning that witchcraft was not present in Salem, that the accusations would lead to innocent people being hanged and listened to his conscience, then he may not have been so hungry for statements. Evil as well as good is endemic in society. Both evil and good people can be found in society. Characters such as Abigail, Putnam and Parris were evil in the story and good characters were Proctor, Elizabeth, Giles Corey and Rebecca Nurse. However if there were no evil people in society and in the play we would not know what good was. I think this is an excellent play. I like the way it is based on a true story as it makes it more interesting to read and watch. I think that Miller is a very clever playwright using interesting plots, characters and language to add interest to the play. The messages it conveys were not only relevant then but also now, there is evidence supporting many of his messages today. I think the way Miller leaves it up to you to decide about the characters personalities and their actions is part of what makes the play please everyone, everybody can take something away from the play. My particular favourite quote is said by Elizabeth in Act Two I do not judge you. The magistrate sits in your heart that judges you. To me it means that the only person who can judge you is yourself, nobody else can, as long as you are happy with whom you are. The tension and drama of the play, particularly between John and Elizabeth and during the court scene makes an excellent play. There is great contrast between certain moments for example Act One ends with frantic cries from the girls then Act Two begins with tension and silence between Elizabeth and John. Throughout the story you constantly ask yourself, will John stick to his principles and become a martyr or will he back down and live? Will people continue to believe Abigail? These elements of the play makes you want to read on and find out. The love element throughout the story makes it interesting and we can empathise with the characters, the plot is not unbelievable. The ending has a twist to it, we begin to believe that Proctor will sign the confession then he tears it up, the ending satisfies everybody, Proctor is forgiven and dies a hero. We know Abigail is a villain, but we cannot help but feel some sympathy for her, she watched her own parents killed, she is an orphan living in a community in which she feels suffocated and her heart has been torn apart. When we first began to read the play I did not understand it because there are so many characters and I did not understand the background to the play or generally what was happening. The language was difficult to understand and I did not understand where the play was leading. When we watched a video of the play I began to understand it and was disappointed when we finished reading the play as I had just begun to enjoy it. When I watched the video I learnt who all the characters were, what their positions were in the village and what was happening. I found it easier to understand and I felt that the costumes and the houses made me feel more like I was there. I thought the video was close to the script in the book and was a good representation of the play in film form. I think that if I read this play again I would really understand it and appreciate it even more. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Mandatory Second Language Learning: An Excellent Idea Essay example --

It has become common knowledge that the United States is falling behind the rest of the world. Economically, Industrially, and educationally, the rest of the world pushes forward and welcomes change while the United States clings to what it has known for decades. One of the largest gaps between the US and the rest of the world is its policy about second languages, and it puts the US at a disadvantage. Those who oppose change believe the US can better itself without making secondary language learning mandatory; they argue that it will cost more money, â€Å"turn students off† to learning a second language entirely, and that the benefits are not worth the costs. Unless a change is made in the United States’ language education, the country will continue to fall behind. Making learning a second language mandatory not only helps students, but the country as a whole by â€Å"raising the bar† and improving the country’s competitiveness with the rest of the world. Many people against second language learning argue that learning a second language is meaningless because it is never used after learning it and is soon forgotten. The problem is the country’s secondary language education methods. Rather than teaching at a young age, which they should, they make it mandatory at the high school level. Making children learn a second language at a young age is a better method because the earliest years of childhood are a critical period and at a later time, the brain’s ability to learn a new language is greatly diminished (Richards). Another problem is that most often, there isn’t enough repetition of what is learned in order for it to â€Å"sink in† to the memory of students. If taught at a young age and maintained throughout that students’ academic career, not... ...proxy.gc.maricopa.edu/ehost/detail?vid=4&hid=23&sid= ce282cb3-71e8-42b2-9fbd- 3f5cd0565bc4%40sessionmgr11&bdata=JmxvZ2luLmFzcCZzaXRlPWVob3N0LWxpdmUm c2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=aph&AN=66695436>. Metis, Myriam. "A Cure For Monolingualism." Academic Search Premier. EBSCO, Oct. 2008. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. . Richards, J. C., R. Anderson, D. W. Carroll, and A. Radford. "Language Acquisition." Ebscohost. 11 Jan. 2011. Web. 08 Dec. 2011. .

Barn Burning Essay -- essays papers

Barn Burning â€Å"Barn Burning† by William Faulkner was written in the ebb of the 1930’s in a decade of social, economic, and cultural decline. This story offers insight into the past years for students to learn of the nation and the South. This story shows the racial segregation that took place in these times between the white landowners and white tenant farmers, the blacks and the whites, and the poor white trash class and the blacks. The Snopes’s family was in the social class of the poor, white tenant farmers. The father, Abner Snopes, had to struggle to provide for his family. In the family there were the mother and her sister, two daughters, and two sons. The older son, Flem, worked with Abner, and the younger son, Sarty, helped with the chores. Sarty, along with others, had trouble understanding his father’s way of life and his attitude towards society. Abner was a harsh man. His crusade as a sharecropper exploited his inner feelings of resentment towards the landowners. Having little or no patience with each new situation, he resorted to the only ...

Jackie Robinson: Breaking the Color Barrier

April 15, 1946 was an important event in not only baseball history but also in the history of America. Thousands of baseball fans crowded into Ebbits Field to see one man, the first black ever to play in Major League Baseball, and one man who would eventually put an end to segregation in baseball. That one man†s name is Jack Roosevelt Robinson, otherwise known as Jackie Robinson. His struggle to break the color barrier helped set the standards for future black athletes to come. Jackie Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, to Millie and Jerry Robinson. He was the youngest of five children and always wanted his life to be better than it was. At age five, Jackie†s father left home and his mother moved the family to California. Because his father wasn†t around to help, they were supported by welfare. As a result of this, Jackie had to work several jobs to help support the family. He was involved in several crimes and robberies with the Pepper Street Gang but with the help of Carl Anderson and Reverend Karl Downs this life of crime didn†t last long. Both men were able to point Jackie in a positive direction by having him focus on athletics. After graduating high school, Jackie attended Pasadena Junior College. He then received a scholarship to UCLA where he excelled in every sport he played. He was the first black to be successful in playing all four varsity team sports. Although he was a good athlete, Jackie didn†t complete his senior year of college. Instead, he joined the National Youth Administration where he played baseball to entertain campers and worked with children. In 1941, Jackie joined the United States Army. After graduating from Officers Candidate School, he became second lieutenant in what was then a segregated army. Jackie protested the U.S. Army†s mistreatment of black soldiers in his unit and was later arrested for this act. He received an honorable discharge , including the rank of first lieutenant. Jackie began his professional baseball career in 1945 with the Kansas City Monarchs. Because of the segregation in America, black communities formed their own version of Major League Baseball. The result of this was the beginning of the Negro Leagues. From 1920, when the first national league was founded, until 1946, when Jackie first stepped across the color barrier into organized baseball, the Negro Leagues, grew , matured, overcame hardships and even flourished ( Rogsin 6). In fact, the Negro Leagues became one of the largest most successful black businesses in the United States before the breakdown of segregation (Rogsin 6 ). The management of the two leagues may rank among the highest of achievements in African- American History. In 1945, Branch Rickey, the owner of the Brooklyn Dodgers, was looking for a black player to break the color barrier and join the Major League Baseball Association. According to Rickey, this person had to be able to cope with insults, name-calling and abuse. He had heard of Jackie Robinson†s outstanding performances in the Negro Leagues and sent out his scouts to see him. After a long meeting, Jackie decided to join Even though agreeing to join the Dodgers seemed challenging, Jackie†s biggest challenge was yet to come. At this point in American History, it was unheard of to have a black person treated equally to a white person. It was also unlikely for a black person to play on the same baseball field as a white person. There were separate schools, separate water fountains and even separate baseball leagues. One might look at this situation as two different worlds being afraid of each other(Aaron 2). Life was unkind to blacks who tried to bring these two world together but, in Jackie Robinson†s case, it was just something that had to be done. Breaking baseball†s color barrier was a serious challenge. Branch Rickey warned Jackie about all of the racial slurs and name calling that would go on. Throughout the season, he received several unsigned letters threatening death if he continued to play baseball. Rival players when as far as throwing pitches at his head when he came up to bat. They also spat on him when sliding into a base and even tried hurting him with the spikes on their shoes. Discrimination continued off the field. When the Dodgers played on the road, Jackie wasn†t allowed to stay in the same hotel as his teammates. He had to stay in a hotel especially for blacks or in private homes. Whenever he did stay with his teammates, he wasn†t allowed pass the pool room. Toward the end of the season, things were starting to get better. Jackie finally got the respect from everyone including his teammates. The pitches at his head stopped, most racial slurs stopped, and Jackie was finally being treated like a baseball player(Aaron 24). It was obvious that people were looking beyond the color of his skin and finally realizing that Jackie Robinson was indeed a good baseball player. Jackie contributed a lot to the Major leagues but his biggest contribution was opening the league for black players after him. It wasn†t until the year Jackie retired that all sixteen major league teams had at least one black player. Jackie retired in 1956 and began to strike back and speak out on racial issues. When Jackie Robinson spoke, every black player listened. He made it clear to them that they weren†t playing just for themselves or for their teams, they were playing for their people. According to Jackie, if they played as if they were on a mission , it was because he sent them out on one Jackie died in 1972. When he died, apart of baseball died as well. He will always be remember for all that he did for African- Americans. He went through many obstacles but he got through it all. He achieved his dream and went beyond all that he wanted to do. Today many African- Americans thank Jackie for doing what he did to show African-Americans are just as good as anyone else.

How the Compromise of 1850 Helped Delay the Civil War

How the Compromise of 1850 Helped Delay the Civil War The Compromise of 1850 was a series of five bills intended to stave off sectional strife that passed during  Millard Fillmores  presidency.  With the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo at the end of the Mexican-American War, all the Mexican-owned territory between California and Texas was given to the United States. This included parts of New Mexico and Arizona. In addition, portions of Wyoming, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado were ceded to the US. The question that arose was what to do with slavery in these territories. Should it be allowed or forbidden? The issue was extremely important to both free and slave states because of the balance of power in terms of voting blocs in the US Senate and House of Representatives.   Henry Clay as Peacemaker Henry Clay was a Whig Senator from Kentucky. He was nicknamed The Great Compromiser due to his efforts at helping bring these bills to fruition along with previous bills such as the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise Tariff of 1833. He personally owned slaves which he would later free in his will. However, his motivation in passing these compromises, especially the 1850 compromise, was to avoid the Civil War. Sectional strife was becoming more and more confrontational. With the addition of new territories and the question of whether they would be free or slave territories, the need for a compromise was the only thing that at that time would have averted outright violence. Realizing this, Clay enlisted the help of Democratic Illinois Senator, Stephen Douglas who would eight years later be involved in a series of debates with Republican opponent Abraham Lincoln.   Clay, backed by Douglas, proposed five resolutions on January 29, 1850, which he hoped would bridge the gap between Southern and Northern interests. In April of that year, a Committee of Thirteen was created to consider the resolutions. On May 8th, the committee led by Henry Clay proposed the five resolutions combined into an omnibus bill. The bill did not receive unanimous support. Opponents on both sides were not happy with the compromises including southerner John C. Calhoun and northerner William H. Seward. However, Daniel Webster put his considerable weight and verbal talents behind the bill. Nonetheless, the combined bill failed to win support in the Senate. Thus, the supporters decided to separate the omnibus bill back into five individual bills. These were eventually passed and signed into law by President Fillmore.   The Five Bills of the Compromise of 1850   The goal of the Compromise bills was to deal with the spread of slavery to territories in order to keep northern and southern interests in balance. The five bills included in the Compromises put the following into law: California was entered as a free state.New Mexico and Utah were each allowed to use popular sovereignty to decide the issue of slavery. In other words, the people would pick whether the states would be free or slave.The Republic of Texas gave up lands that it claimed in present-day New Mexico and received $10 million to pay its debt to Mexico.The slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia.The Fugitive Slave Act made any federal official who did not arrest a runaway slave liable to pay a fine. This was the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 and caused many abolitionists to increase their efforts against slavery. The Compromise of 1850 was key in delaying the start of the Civil War until 1861. It temporarily lessened the rhetoric between northern and southern interests, thereby delaying secession for 11 years. Clay died of tuberculosis in 1852. One wonders what might have happened if he had still been alive in 1861.

How Long Is the SAT With Breaks

How Long Is the SAT With Breaks SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT is a marathon that takes up your whole Saturday morning. But exactly how long is it? How long is the SAT with breaks? How long is it with the Essay section? Without it? This article gives the answers to these questions and also offers a few key tips on how to use SAT breaks to your advantage on test day. What Is the Total Time for the SAT Plus Essay Test? Including breaks, the SAT is exactly four hours and seven minutes long.This time includes all sections (Reading Test, Writing and Language Test, Math No Calculator Test, Math Calculator Test, and optional Essay) as well as all breaks. Here is the exact breakdown of time by section: Section Order on Test Total # of Questions Total Time (Minutes) Reading 1 52 65 Break 1 2 - 10 Writing and Language 3 44 35 Math No Calculator 4 20 25 Break 2 5 - 5 Math Calculator 6 38 55 Break 3 7 - 2 Essay (Optional) 8 1 50 There are three breaks throughout the test.There is a 10-minute break after the Reading section and a five-minute break after the Math No Calculator section. For these two breaks, you can leave the room, use the restroom, eat a snack, etc. However, for the final break, which is after the Math Calculator section, you're given just two minutes to stretch next to your desk; you may not leave the room at this time. Use a watch to keep track of your time! What If You're Taking the SAT Without the Essay? If you're taking the SAT without the Essay, the order and timing of the test are the same, except you'll leave right after the Math Calculator section and will not stay for the Essay. The total time for the SAT without the Essay (with breaks) is three hours and 15 minutes. Here is the SAT without Essay chronological timing breakdown: Section Order on Test Total # of Questions Total Time (Minutes) Reading 1 52 65 Break 1 2 - 10 Writing and Language 3 44 35 Math No Calculator 4 20 25 Break 2 5 - 5 Math Calculator 6 38 55 How to Use SAT Breaks to Your Advantage The breaks alwayscome after the 1st, 3rd, and 4th sections, so use themto recharge.Move, stretch, use the restroom, drink water, and eat energy-packed foods.Bananas are great! If you need help picking a snack, we've got alist of excellent ones. It can be hard on your body to sit for so long, so definitely use the breaks to move around. Also, remember that the breaks get shorter as the test continues.The second break is your last chance to use the bathroom or grab a snack before almost two more hours of testing, so be sure to use it! Minions are awesome. What’s Next? Preparing for the SAT? You should read our free ultimate SAT study guide. And if you're taking the test soon, learn how to cram for the SAT. Not sure where you'd like to go to college? Learn how to do college research right, and get help finding yourSAT target score. Hoping to be accepted to atop school? Check out our guides to getting into Harvard and Stanford. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today!

Ecofeminist analysis Essays

Ecofeminist analysis Essays Ecofeminist analysis Essay Ecofeminist analysis Essay Before echo-feminism becomes a theory, Lawrence Insists on building harmonious and balanced relationships both between man and nature, and between men and women. Such avocation accords with echo-feminist appeal for eliminating the domination-subordination relationships and building equal and sustainable man- nature, man-woman relationships in the world. Therefore, his works embody echo- feminist characteristics. The study on Lawrence has never been suspending. There are some monographs and articles published overseas that make specific study on Lawrence short stories. For instance, D. H. Lawrence Critical Assessments, which provides a thorough and useful collection of many early reviews of Lawrence works. Noticeably, there is an article Lawrence Second Sun in which the author discusses the two different editions of Sun and points out the theme of the story. Domestically, scholars study Lawrence Sun from different perspectives. Inclined(2010) analyzes the ecological Ideas In the story in hisEcological Interpretation of Lawrence Sun. In the article Pursuing the Summon of NatureSymbols used In Lawrence Sun, Pan Wangle(2012) Interprets the symbolism of the characters and natural scenes In the short story. Wang Lei and Us Yang(2013) analyze the short story from two aspects, that is, the common tragedy of women and nature and womens turning to nature for help in their work Lawrence Sun?from the Perspective of Echo-feminism. In the work On Echo-feminism in Lawrence Short Stories, Wang Yapping(2010) discusses the natural links and similarities between women and nature in three short stories, Sun included. Lawrence has been regarded as the prophet of echo-feminism for he embodies his echo-feminist thoughts throughout his works. Since the echo-feminism has been adopted In some researches on Lawrence other literary works and the related research on his short story Sun Is quite few, It Is meaningful to study Lawrence short stories from such a perspective. This paper will concentrate on Interpreting Lawrence Sun from the echo-feminist point of view. It will try to Illustrate Lawrence attitudes towards man-nature and women-men relationships. In this way, it aims to prove his echo-feminist consciousness in the Sun. Specifically, his echo- feminist thoughts will be interpreted in terms of the symbolic links between sun and Juliet?the heroin; the integration of Juliet and sun; Gullets awakening with the help of sun; and Gullets rebel against the patriarchal society. It can be seen from the interpretation that Lawrence embodies his echo-feminist thoughts in the Sun and he is the prophet of echo-feminism. 1. 1 A Brief Introduction to Echo-feminism Echo-feminism emerged in the sass and got flourished in the sass. The term of echo- feminism was first coined by French feminist Francoise debauching in 1974. Based upon the development of ecology and feminism, coffee-monism represents the first union of the two theories. Echo-feminism connects the exploitation and domination of women with that of the environment, and argues that there is a connection between women and nature. Echo-feminists advocates building harmonious and sustainable relationships in the universe, both between man and nature, and between men and women. In order to protect both women and nature, echo-feminists devote themselves to overthrowing the oppressive conceptual framework (Warren 46), which is the dualistic system of patriarchy. Moreover, echo-feminists believe that nature and women are closely connected with each other. In the patriarchal society, women and tauter are enduring the same unequal treatment because of their marginal position. Therefore, echo-feminists insist on the unity of nature and women when it comes to problems of the ecological crisis and feminist liberation. 1. 2 Lawrence: the Prophet of Echo-feminism Lawrence is considered as a prophet of echo-feminism. On the one hand, he attempted to criticize the industrial civilization in a bitter way. He believed it was the civilization that had damaged the nature, the social relations and peoples spiritual mind; therefore, human beings should get away from civilization. On the other hand, e appreciated highly the natural scenes which brought vitality back to human beings. The harmonious and vigorous state in nature made a sharp contrast with the oppressed and dull industrial society. Lawrence held completely negative attitudes towards civilization and called upon man to return to nature. Besides, Lawrence has always pondered over woman-nature relationships. He shows a great sympathy towards both nature and women because they suffered a lot from the patriarchal society. The thoughts revealed in Lawrence works correspond with echo-feminism, such as the links between women and nature, the oneness of women and nature, omens awakening with the help of nature. Similar to echo-feminists, he rebels against the patriarchal society for its domination imposed upon women and nature. In his works, he advocates the freedom and equal rights of women and nature to rebel against the patriarchal industrial society. For Lawrence, his ultimate goal is to feminist features. It makes him a prophet for echo-feminism. II An Echo-feminist Interpretation of Women-Nature Relationship in the Sun 2. . The Symbolic Links between Juliet and Sun Nature and woman are symbolically connected with each other. Susan Griffin, in her kook Women and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her, states the fundamental views about the symbolic links between nature and women. He says that woman talks with nature; that she can hear voice from the earth; that wind blows and the tree whisper to her; that th e dead speak by her mouth and the cries of infants, they are so clear to her(12). In the short story Sun, Lawrence presented the symbolic links between sun and the heroine specifically and vividly. The heroine, Juliet, had lived in New York for a long time and suffered from depression. The doctor suggested that she should take sun bath on Sicily, a sunny Italian island. Juliet, along with her son and mother, left her husband Maurice and got rid of the bustling industrial world. At the beginning of the story, Juliet was skeptical about the sunbathing therapy. Her attitude towards the sun was passive because she did not believe it would cure or even benefit her. However, when she saw the naked sun rising from the sea-level, a mysterious impulsion stirred up in her inner world. She wanted to go to the sun, nakedly. So the desire sprang secretly in her, to be naked to the sun. She cherished her desire like a secret. She wanted to come together with the sun (425). After taking sunbathing overall times, she realized that it was not Just taking sun-baths. It was more than that. Something deep inside her unfolded and relaxed, which gave her a cosmic influence. She was put into connection with the sun, and the stream flowed of itself, from her womb. She herself, her conscious self, was secondary, a secondary person, almost an onlooker. 431) Juliet established intimate relationship with the sun and she regarded it as her rescuer and lover. When Juliet referred to the sun, she would use the personal pronoun he instead of it. And he was full and naked. And she wanted to come to him (425). In her mind, she regarded the sun as an energetic and vigorous man. The definite article the was omitted from the title of the short story, implying that the sun was personified as a man, a superman. Thus, the intimate relationship between her and sun embodies womens symbolic links with the nature. 2. 2. The Integration of Juliet and Sun In the prologue of Susan Griffins book, Women and Nature: The Roaring inside Her, she writes: We know that our selves are composed by earth, and the earth itself is constituted by our bodies, because we understand ourselves. We are nature; we are the nature understanding nature. We are the nature have a natural view. Nature is crying, saying to itself(1 1). It can be seen from this epic-like poem that women can understand nature, integrate with nature and be nature. In the story Sun, the integrating process of the sun and heroin was gradually presented. Bathing in the sun became Gullets private rite in which she dated with her lover. Juliet, like an exhausted goddess, needed to have a rest under the sun to regain the energy. She chose a powerful cypress tree as her sun bathing site. She sat under the tree, took off all the clothes and enjoyed the sun-bathing. During the first several times she felt embarrassed: She sat and offered her bosom to the sun, sighing, even now, with a certain hard pain, against the cruelty of having to give herself (426). Besides, she could not feel the sun. However, she began to feel the warmth of the sunshine. She felt the sun inside them, warmer that ever love had been, warmer than milk or the hands of her baby'(426). Whats more, the sun was generous and tolerant. He did not mind Gullets unwilling attitude towards him. He faced down to her with blue body of fire, and enveloped her breasts and her face, her throat, her tired belly, her knees, her thighs and her feet( 426). The flame of the sun had the po wer to revive ones body and soul. She could feel the sun penetrating even into her bones; nay, farther, even into her emotions, her thoughts (426). At this moment, she became integrated with the sun physically. With the development of the story, she was integrated with nature mentally. She began to communicate with the sun. The depressed emotions began to disappear and the cold dark clots of her thoughts began to dissolve in her heart. Her weary, chilled heart was melting, and in melting, evaporating (426). She gradually regained the holy power of the sun and came to life. In the chapter three of the story, there was an episode when Juliet and her son met the snake. To readers surprise, Juliet was not afraid of the frightening creature and was very calm. Some stillness of the sun in her reassured him (432). The reason why she appeared still towards the snake was that she considered the snake as their friend, a part of the nature. The curious careless power of the sun filled her, filled the whole place like a observed that Juliet understood that she was a part of nature and she loved every other part of nature. 2. 3. Womens Awakening with the Help of Nature Michael L. Ross points out in his article Lawrence second Suncollected in the D. H. Lawrence Critical Assessments that: Lawrence endeavors to achieve a definitive fictional statement of one of his essential themes: the reawakening of a womans vital self(457). Lawrence believes that the sun has the power to reach old roots of human consciousness and the depth of souls that man knows nothing of. It has the holy power to cure human beings and to give them a new life. In the second chapter of the story, Lawrence described the sun-bathing process in details. When Juliet noticed re rosy body turned to gold, she realized that she became another person. She was like another person. She was another person (429). She became healthier and more beautiful and began to appreciate her body. The strong sense of being a woman flooded through her body. Her tensed womb was slowly unfolding, like a lily bud under water, as the sun mysteriously touched it And it was slowly rising to the sun, to expand at last, to the sun, only to the sun (428). Besides, the sun helped Juliet find her true self. When she was in New York, she was unable to feel anything real, with all her anger and frustration inside her. However, facing to the sun, she showed her nature as a woman. A tacit understanding between her and her lover had been achieved: with her knowledge of the sun, and her conviction that the sun was gradually penetrating her to know her (428). Juliet became detached and superior. She was another woman, contemptuous of those people who were UN-sunned, like grave-yard worms (428). Finally, the sun chased the passive emotions out from Gullets inner world and cured her, thus, Juliet changed her view on the surroundings. Before she arrived at the island, its a big torment for her to take care of her son. It dad her feel that the child was irritating her and preying on her peace of mind. However, she changed her attitude towards her son after taking sun-bath. When her son came to her and calling in peculiar bird-like little anguish of want, she was surprised that her heart felt none of the anxious love-tension in return. All in all, the sun had the power to rescue Juliet. The vitality and dignity of life came back to Juliet, rescued by the sun: he could shine on a million people, and still be the radiant, splendid, unique sun, focused on her alone (428). Lawrence took the sun as the redeemer of this dispirited world. Ill. An Echo-feminist Interpretation of Men-Women Relationship 3. 1 Gullets Rebel against His Husband one another bitterly. She could not endure the monotonous life in the apartment in New York with her husband, so she accepted the advice of sunbathing, which was an action of escape. They were hostile to each other, like two engines running at variance, they shattered one another (424). It can be seen from the description that they were in an unhappy marriage and they might quarrel or even fight with each other. He was thinking of her in New York flat, pale, silent, oppressing him terribly. He was he soul of gentle timidity, in his human relations, and her silent, awful hostility after the baby was born, had frightened him deeply. 439) Gullets oppressive silence in the New York flat was her soundless rebel against the dull life. She regarded her husband, the new born baby and the urban environment as the root of the depression. The responsibility to take care of the family members haunted her all the time, hindering her aspirations towards freedom and nature. When her husband went to Sicily to look at her , she boldly told her husband that she would not come back to New York. l cant go back; I cant go back on this sun (439). Faced with her wifes resolution and independence, Maurice agreed: This kind of thing suits you. You are splendid. No, I dont think you can go back (439). The requirements show her rebel against the patriarchal society, her determination to get rid of the oppressed self. 3. 2 Passion between Juliet and the Sun Man In the story, the author depicted a sun man?the Italian peasant. The peasants appearance was in a sharp contrast to Americas in the short story. The peasant had a broad red face instead of a pale one. His hair was full of the cleanliness of health, different from the black-and-grey hair of Maurice. After taking sunbathing and encountering with the sun man, Juliet was hopelessly in love with him. When she first met with the peasant, there was a fire him which burned her all through the body. Then his eyes met hers, and she felt the blue fire running through her limbs to her womb, which was spreading in the helpless ecstasy. Still they looked into each others eyes, and the fire flowed between them, like the blue, streaming fire from the heart of the sun. (433) The word fire was used three times in the above quotation. The peasant was the origin of the fire, igniting Juliet and spreading into her. Gullets desire was aroused in this real world by a real man. She found out the passion in herself and wanted to be involved with the peasant who was the symbol of the sun in Gullets chilly world. If falling in love with the sun in the heaven was Just Gullets fantasy, the Italian peasant was not Just her imagination. She even imagined having the peasants baby. Juliet thought: Why shouldnt I go to him! Why shouldnt bear his child? It would be like bearing a child to the unconscious sun and the unconscious earth, a child like a peasant, but also her rebel against the patriarchal society. Conclusion In Lawrence short stories, the natural scenes exert a positive influence to human beings. Man could be cured or saved physically and mentally with their help. They could scatter away depressions and frustrations, such as the sun in the short story Sun. The heroine Juliet regained vigor and power after taking sunbathing. Those who seldom kept in touch with the sun were lifeless, gloomy and depressed, making a sharp contrast with those lived in nature. Gullets husband and the peasant in the island were the most apparent contrast. Besides, Lawrence endows natural scenes with mans characteristics. He believed that man could gain harmony, energy and vitality from those natural elements. In the story, the sun acted as a gentle and masculine lover, communicating with the heroine Juliet by radiating his warmth and driving away depressive feelings inside her. By taking sunbathing, Juliet became another person and found out the real meaning of life. In the story, the sun had been personified to rescue human beings. He was tolerate, charming and considerate; more importantly, he was masculine, inspiring Gullets sexual desire. The sun in the short story enjoys equal status with human beings and it has been personified. It caches the heroins deepest consciousness, brings new vitality to her, and awakens her human instincts and self-awareness. Lawrence has contributed a lot for echo- feminism with a new insight about women-nature relationship. In his literary realm, he advocates a harmonious society in which man and nature, men and women could coexist in a harmonious and healthy way. His thought is ahead of his time with great echo-feminist consciousness.

To what extent has the credit crunch contributed towards a downturn in Essay - 1

To what extent has the credit crunch contributed towards a downturn in UK house prices - Essay Example A trial is being made to relate the trends in the housing markets and the financial crunch to the theories of economics. The credit crunch and the national and international economic developments have had substantial impact on the country’s real estate market. Before analysing the present situation of the market, it would be ideal to have an overview of the historic developments in the housing market of the United Kingdom. After the downfall of the housing industry in early 1990, there had been a steady growth in the UK housing market. From the stage of disaster, the industry had dramatic growth resulting in the average house price to touch  £163,000 in the year 2005. The quantum of the growth is reflected by the fact that this price was the double of the average house price in the dawn of the millennium. (Cameron G, 2005,). Interestingly the trend was similar in the international scenario as well. The downfall of the US economy and the recession which began in early 2007, catalysed a chain reaction in the international economy as well. This resulted in serious credit crunch in most of the leading economies. The UK economy was no exception. There were serious negative responses in the economy which led to acute credit crunch. The finance flow was seriously affected. Real estate was one of the first industries to be affected by the credit crunch and the allied economic developments. The post recessive period observed critical economic outcomes in the housing industry of United Kingdom. In comparison with the previous year, the house prices were 7.4 percent lower in October 2008. (DCLG, 2008). The average house price in UK in October 2008 was  £203,539. At the same time the house prices paid by the first time buyers were almost ten percent lower than that in the previous year (DCLG, 2008). Meanwhile while

The rise of the Islamic State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The rise of the Islamic State - Essay Example Sharia law was based on the rule of law, as Muslims had traditionally used sharia law to govern themselves (NabhaÌ„niÌ„, 2001). Secondly, the UN should come together with countries and strive to meet the mission of controlling and eliminating the group that is using the name Islamic state to destabilize world security. The Islamic world greatly wanted to control the world through Sharia law and rapidly advanced their militant groups across the world to capture and control states despite growth in anti-Muslim detestation. There is no sufficient reason to blame the rise of Islamic states. This is because United States had contributed for the upcoming Islamic states. In 2003, US invasion to Iraq concentrated mainly in guarding oils fields hence leaving Iraq boundaries wide-open for thousands of jihad combatants to come into the country (Ehrenberg,  2010). US has also contributed to falling of Iraq by dismantling Iraqi army that was the only force that was familiar with the layout of Iraqi topography. If the army had not dismantled, they had the potential to curb the armed insurgents. Sharia law was unprinted constitution, and it was instrumental in modeling the tradition of Islamic states over centuries. This law was essential as it made members of Islamic states enjoy a high degree of respect and prestige. Islamic states are calling for the establishment of the sharia law in the modern Muslim world. Islamic states were based on the rule of law as they had traditionally used sharia law to govern themselves. Sharia law historical was effective in balancing of power in the Islamic states. The westerns have termed sharia law as a threat to democracy, and this was against the Muslims notion. Consequently, Islamic states went against the stereotype the western countries had toward their use of sharia law and this made Islamic states to develop actions of being radical and anti-western armed group committed in inaugurating an independent

The Film Avatar as the Highest Form of Imaginative Art Research Paper

The Film Avatar as the Highest Form of Imaginative Art - Research Paper Example To digress a bit, it is necessary to note that James Cameron is first and foremost a top special effects director. He had learned the techniques while holding himself out for part-time jobs just so he can enter the film making industry. However, he was greatly interested in one aspect of movie-making – special effects. He made big efforts to learn and master techniques in special effects and his reputation rose on this unique, special ability in movies like â€Å"Escape from New,† followed by â€Å"Galaxy of Terror† and then â€Å"Android.† He was the special effects director of these films but his first feature-length film was the â€Å"Terminator† which became an instant global box-office hit even with a relatively small budget. His working philosophy for films is that science and art can be merged successfully in films. Theme – the main theme of the movie is rather philosophical, that of a morality play in which people from Earth would wan t to take over a planet for its precious minerals. A good moral of this compelling storyline is that people can live in harmony with Nature and enjoy a good life of abundance only if they take good care of nature's resources. There are plenty of metaphors used in the story to make an ordinary story into something of an extraordinary line. The peace-loving Na'vi people are depicted to sharply contrast the violence that people here on Earth often inflict on one another. A sub-theme was the usual romance story that developed between an earthling and a native of that planet which complicated matters a bit.

Forensic Accounting in Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Forensic Accounting in Practice - Research Paper Example Few are discussed below (Davis, 2010). Analytical This refers to the ability of an individual to analyze and interpret current situation with respect to future strategies. This is related with other skills such as detail orientation, responsiveness etc. Analytical skills are applied to different business operations, for instance, forensic accountants are needed to analyze legal documents where analytical skills help them in identifying the fraudulent activities. Intuition Intuition is required to give value added services. This skill is mostly acquired by knowledge, learning and experiences while developing the required capabilities. However, few researchers believe that intuition stems from natural habits and personality of an individual. Intuition is needed by the forensic accountants to improve logical analysis and programmed functioning of mind. For instance, forensic accountants use intuition to make opinions regarding financial reports and also to make linkage between different activities which might give a clue to the final fraud. Team Player This relates to the ability of a professional forensic accountant to work in cooperation with others. Team players are also required to perform the managerial activities such as leading, organizing, motivating etc. The investigations against frauds going in an organization cannot be conducted without an efficient and effective team. For instance, if a team is analyzing the financial statements, trends and ratios of a firm than all the working individuals are required to have clear opinion and consensus about the conclusions. Therefore people who are not good team players cannot coordinate well in such business operations and investigations. Auditing Auditing refers to the official inspection of financial reports and statements. The auditing skill is actually acquired by learning and qualifying the necessary courses for becoming a forensic accountant. However, experience plays a vital role in the overall development of this skill. Huge corporations especially those which are on large scale revenues are needed to conduct financial survey to identify the fraudulent activities. They hire auditors for this purpose and also to ensure the transparency of finances. Research It plays an important role in almost all the business operations but for the forensic accountants it is even more crucial. This is primarily because of the extensive research and investigations required to indentify a financial culprit. Forensic accountants have to be efficient in both primary and secondary research skills to effectively utilize them in different business operations. For instance, when a fraud is identified in an organization then the past activities and financial transactions of the culprit are extensively scrutinized which require the forensic accountant to be exceptionally good at research. 2. Describe the role of a forensic accountant within a courtroom environment. Forensic accounting is getting popularity due to recent cases of fraud such as the one of Enron. The role of a forensic accountant is changing dramatically with respect to the courtroom environment. Since major part of the fraud investigations depends upon accounts therefore accountants must be able to present their view point supported with evidence in courts. These evidences are then evaluated by the lawyers, juries, attorney and judges (Stuart, 2006). Following is a brief description of forensic accountan

Nursing Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Theories - Essay Example Several factors are associated with the HPM, namely; the lifestyle, psychological status, socio-cultural traits, general outlook, and biological factors. The relationships between variables are outlined in the figure below. The HPM is based on an input-outcome structure – one that is mainly dependent on the inputs by the individual to determine the expected outcomes. This type of structure makes it easy to track the impacts of an intervention on the overall health of a group since the levels of input can be matched to corresponding output levels. The assumptions for the model are: These assumptions are based on philosophical values of the individual. HPM can be generalized to different studies, including the present case of lack of the important perinatal care and accompanying education in the correctional facilities. Ricketts, D. (2014). What is the health promotion model? – Definition and theory. Retrieved from http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-the-health-promotion-model-definition-theory.html (Accessed 7th February,

Forensic Accounting in Practice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Forensic Accounting in Practice - Research Paper Example Few are discussed below (Davis, 2010). Analytical This refers to the ability of an individual to analyze and interpret current situation with respect to future strategies. This is related with other skills such as detail orientation, responsiveness etc. Analytical skills are applied to different business operations, for instance, forensic accountants are needed to analyze legal documents where analytical skills help them in identifying the fraudulent activities. Intuition Intuition is required to give value added services. This skill is mostly acquired by knowledge, learning and experiences while developing the required capabilities. However, few researchers believe that intuition stems from natural habits and personality of an individual. Intuition is needed by the forensic accountants to improve logical analysis and programmed functioning of mind. For instance, forensic accountants use intuition to make opinions regarding financial reports and also to make linkage between different activities which might give a clue to the final fraud. Team Player This relates to the ability of a professional forensic accountant to work in cooperation with others. Team players are also required to perform the managerial activities such as leading, organizing, motivating etc. The investigations against frauds going in an organization cannot be conducted without an efficient and effective team. For instance, if a team is analyzing the financial statements, trends and ratios of a firm than all the working individuals are required to have clear opinion and consensus about the conclusions. Therefore people who are not good team players cannot coordinate well in such business operations and investigations. Auditing Auditing refers to the official inspection of financial reports and statements. The auditing skill is actually acquired by learning and qualifying the necessary courses for becoming a forensic accountant. However, experience plays a vital role in the overall development of this skill. Huge corporations especially those which are on large scale revenues are needed to conduct financial survey to identify the fraudulent activities. They hire auditors for this purpose and also to ensure the transparency of finances. Research It plays an important role in almost all the business operations but for the forensic accountants it is even more crucial. This is primarily because of the extensive research and investigations required to indentify a financial culprit. Forensic accountants have to be efficient in both primary and secondary research skills to effectively utilize them in different business operations. For instance, when a fraud is identified in an organization then the past activities and financial transactions of the culprit are extensively scrutinized which require the forensic accountant to be exceptionally good at research. 2. Describe the role of a forensic accountant within a courtroom environment. Forensic accounting is getting popularity due to recent cases of fraud such as the one of Enron. The role of a forensic accountant is changing dramatically with respect to the courtroom environment. Since major part of the fraud investigations depends upon accounts therefore accountants must be able to present their view point supported with evidence in courts. These evidences are then evaluated by the lawyers, juries, attorney and judges (Stuart, 2006). Following is a brief description of forensic accountan

Economic growth is one of the macroeconomic objectives of the Essay

Economic growth is one of the macroeconomic objectives of the Australian government . Outline the problems that arise in measuring economic growth - Essay Example It also fails to consider the externalities that may be negative like those caused by pollution as well as depletion of resources. (tradingeconomics.com, 2011) Globally, the process by which the wealth of a nation is determined or poverty is a complex task since there lies a predicament while trying to obtain compatible type of data. Different nations may be having different data types and thus, comparison in performance fails to be objective at the end. GDP as mentioned earlier is the method that is mostly used in the world to measure a country’s growth and Australia has followed this method as utilized by United Nations. This GDP method does not consider the incomes that come from corporations and individuals. This is especially if these incomes come from foreign sources and this approach further shows the weakness of measuring the growth of a nation. The alternative method, (just to mention), that was usually used to measure an economy’s growth and that was applied universally in the world was GNI. The difference arises where GNI considers income from outside the country while GDP does not. (Kendall, 2010

Bonnie Lyons Essay Example for Free

Bonnie Lyons Essay The critic, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt, considers The Handmaids Tale to be far more than a political tract deploring nuclear energy, environmental waste and antifeminist attitudes. Which features of Atwoods novel do you believe have contributed to its readability and secured its reputation as a piece of classic modern fiction? In the novel, The Handmaids Tale, it is my opinion that the principal aspect of Atwoods writing style is the depth and intensity with which she approaches her subject matter; she consistently shows that she has researched her material and is able to show relatively potential alternate futures at the time of the early 80s it is not inconceivable to imagine certain turns of events happening as they did in the narrative. In the 1980s, the political climate globally seemed to be turning toward economic restraint and conservatism. In general, this shift was a response to the liberalism and unchecked social spending that occurred in the 1970s, which were in turn the extended results of the freedoms won by the worldwide social revolutions of the 1960s. This conservative trend appeared in different forms in different countries. In Margaret Atwoods home country of Canada, Pierre Trudeau, the Liberal Party leader resigned in 1984, and the voters replaced him with Progressive Conservative Brian Mulroney. Margaret Thatcher, who was elected Prime Minister of England in 1979, reversed decades of socialism by selling government-run industries to private owners. In the United States, the 1980 election of Ronald Reagan created such a turbulent reversal of previous social policy that the changes sweeping through the government during the first half of the decade came to be referred to as the Reagan Revolution. The extreme shift toward conservatism in the United States at that time is significant to the social change that created the Republic of Gilead in Atwoods imagination. After the novel was published, she told an American interviewer that she had tried originally to set the novel in Canada, but that it just would not fit the Canadian culture. Its not a Canadian sort of thing to do, she told Bonnie Lyons in 1987. Canadians might do it after the United States did it, in some sort of watered-down version. Our television evangelists are paltrier than yours. The States are more extreme in everything. The Republic of Gilead is characterised as a dystopia; a dystopia is any society considered to be undesirable, for any of a number of reasons. The term was coined as a converse to a utopia, and is most usually used to refer to a fictional society where current social trends are taken to nightmarish extremes. One of The Handmaids Tales successful aspects concerns the skilful portrayal of a state that in theory claims to be founded on Christian principles, yet in practice miserably lacks spirituality and benevolence. The state in Gilead prescribes a pattern of life based on abstinence, conformity, censorship, corruption, fear, and terror-in short, the usual terms of existence enforced by totalitarian states, instance of which can be found in such dystopian works as Orwells 1984. The novels thematics operate by speculating upon conflicting extremes: a decadent present, which Aunt Lydia cynically describes as a society dying of too much choice, and a totalitarian future that prohibits choice. Naturally, while rejecting the indulgent decadence and chaos of an anarchic society, the reader condemns the Gilead regime for its intolerant, prescriptive set of values that projects a tunnel vision on reality and eliminates human free will. There is more than one kind of freedom, said Aunt Lydia. Freedom to and freedom from. In the days of anarchy, it was freedom to. Now you are being given freedom from. Dont underrate it.

The National Development Of The Philippines Commerce Essay

The National Development Of The Philippines Commerce Essay Necessity is the mother of invention. In the Philippines, there are many local inventions created by Filipinos that are locally and even globally used for its functionality and its usefulness. In fact, there are numerous inventions patented in the Philippines. According to the Filipino Inventors Society, there are about 3000 patent holders and intellectual property exponents nationwide. Despite this number, there is not much recognition coming from the Filipinos themselves as some of the inventions that are considered useful are not really used commercially in the Philippines. In lieu of this, the Philippine Government has provided laws on promoting and protecting local inventions. Among these laws are the Investors and Invention Incentives Act (RA 7459), Philippine Inventors Incentives Act (RA 3850) and the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. These laws are created in the belief that there are linkages among the development of science and technology, particularly the technological advancement through inventions, with national economic development. This paper aims to prove if there is a significant implication of local inventions to national development in the context of the Philippines. As well as to analyze the current situation of the local inventions in the Philippines and the concepts to which it revolves such as the laws governing patents and intellectual property. Today local inventors and inventions alike are slowly decreasing due to several problems that they encounter while in the process of inventing. These problems to name a few are; lack of exposure from the media, lack of proper implementation of laws and policies regarding inventors and inventions, the need for more awareness and information regarding patents and the commercialization process. The numerous problems that an inventor encounters are what hinder him from potentially affecting national development and highlighting the innate talents of a Filipino from both the local and foreign market. According to Carmen Peralta, Director of the IPO Information, Documentation and Technology Transfer Bureau, if only given the needed exposure, inventors would be inspired to work harder that would eventually translate to more patents. The short number of patent applications and the much needed lack of support from the media in terms of recognition and endorsement is a reason for immediate action on both the government and the media. The lack of public exposure is what keeps local inventors away from possibly inducing technological change in national development. B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study will answer the main problem: How can local inventions induce technological change for National Development? In answering the main problem several sub-problems or sub-questions needs to be accounted first. a) What are the current issues regarding local inventions? b) How does the government support local inventions? c) What model is necessary to analyze local inventions, technological change, and national development? C. HYPOTHESIS Local Invention: Ho: Government support does not contribute to the development of local invention H1: Government support contributes to the development of local invention National Development: Ho: Local Inventions has no significant implication to National Development H1: Local Inventions has a significant implication to National Development. D. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK In this paper we used one of the first frameworks in comprehending science and technology which is the Linear model of innovation (Godin, 2006) in compliance with Vernon W. Ruttans study entitled; Usher and Shumpeter on Invention, Innovation and Technological change*1959. In line with the study of Ruttan, he assumed that most of the social scientist follows a certain sequence in which invention, innovation and technological change are ordered in a logical sequence (Ruttan, 1959). InventionÆ’Â   InnovationÆ’Â   Technological Change After generalizing the proper sequence assumed by most social scientist in the past, he then solved the terminological problem between invention, innovation and technological change by synthesizing two prominent studies in linear model of innovation by Usher and Shumpeter. V. W Ruttan insinuated a fusion of A. P. Ushers steps in the invention process (Usher 1954) and Schumpeters concept of innovation (Godin, 2006). Shumpeter distinguishes invention from innovation. Innovation is possible without anything we should identify as invention, and invention does not necessarily induce innovation, but produces of itself no economically relevant effect at all.6 According to Ruttan, Schumpeters definition of innovation is in terms of a change in the form of the production function (Ruttan, 1959). We will now define innovation more rigorously by means of the production function. This function describes the way in which quantity of products varies if quantity of factors vary. If, instead of quantities of factors we vary the form of the function, we have an innovation.7 Ruttan eliminated the distinction between invention and innovation as he discusses Ushers steps in invention process but incorporated the idea of defining innovation by means of production function. This is where the synthesis came about (Ruttan, 1959). The definition of invention by Usher is in terms of new things that require an act of insight going beyond the normal exercise of technical or professional skill (Ruttan, 1959). Inventive acts of insight are unlearned activities that result in new organizations of prior knowledge and experience.6 Such acts of insight frequently emerge in the course of performing acts of skill, though characteristically the act of insight is induced by the conscious perception of an unsatisfactory gap in knowledge or mode of action.7 In the Chapter IV of the revised edition of A History of Mechanical Innovations, Usher was said to discourse on the occurrence of ones inventions in contrast with the performance of acts of skill by the use of cumulative synthesis (Ruttan, 1959). With this discussion, Ruttan concluded that it is more applicable to give the definition of invention as a subsection of innovation and shifting Ushers description of invention to innovation-Indeed, it would be more in line with both popular usage and the terminology of other disciplines to use the term innovation to designate any new thing in the area of science, technology, or art (Ruttan, 1959). The definition of technological change used by students of productivity and technological change is said to have a close similarity with the definition of innovation provided by Shumpeter. Compare, for example, a recent definition by Solow with the above quotation from Schumpeter. (Ruttan, 1959). If Q represents output and K and L represent capital and labor in physical units, then the aggregate production function can be written as: Q = F(K, L; t) the variable t . . . appears in F to allow for technical change. I am using the phrase technical change as a shorthand expression for any kind of a shift in the production function.9 According to Ruttan, the only problem with this definition of technological change is that it does not emphasize the specific process of technological change. Thus a need for a proper analytical definition is a must. After providing a clear distinction between invention, innovation and technological change, Ruttan gave three prominent suggestions in this study namely; first one must not attempt to provide an analytical definition of invention and depict it as a subset of technical innovation which is patentable. Second, the extension of the definition of innovation is needed so much as to cover the entire range of processes by which new things emerge in science, technology, and art. Third, The use of technological change in the functional sense- to designate changes in the coefficients of a function relating inputs to outputs resulting from the practical application of innovations in technology and in economic organization (Ruttan, 1959). In compliance to the study of Ruttan, the linear model of innovation will be use as suggested in Ruttans study. The linear model of innovation starts with basic research, then adds applied research and development, and ends with production and diffusion (Ruttan, 1959): Basic research Æ’Â   Applied research Development Æ’Â   (Production and) Diffusion In function: Innovation = Basic research+Applied research development+Diffusion It has been noted that the source of this linear model has remain indefinable because it has never been documented. Despite its widespread use, there are still many criticisms that surround the theory and even proclaiming it as a dead model. The long survival of the model despite regular criticisms is because of statistics (Godin, 2006). Overall, we will be using the definitions and suggestions provided by Ruttan. We will not provide an analysis on invention. We will use the linear model of innovation for the analysis of innovation as suggested by Ruttan-extend the concept of innovation to cover the entire range of process by which new things emerge. We will use the provided definition of the technological change, by Solow, in Ruttans study in order to analyze invention to national economy. The linear model of innovation in compliance to V.W. Ruttan study of 1958 is a proper framework for this paper. This paper analytically analyzed innovation and technical change of the Philippine local invention as suggested by Ruttan. Also, the simpleness of the linear model can be a proper starting point in analyzing insufficient data availability such as the condition of the Philippine local invention. E. EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK In this paper we attempt to analyze innovation, as defined in Ruttans 1959 study, and technological change of Philippine local invention in the year 1900-2010. In analyzing innovation we will use the linear model of innovation particularly the one that was defined by Ruttan in his 1959 study. Linear model of innovation X = f(B,A,D) X: Innovation B: Basic research A: Applied research D: Diffusion Empirical framework X= f(D,E,F,G) X: #of local invention D: # of scientist and engineer E: Annual RD expenditures/ government allocated funds F: # of clients/beneficiaries G: # of commercialized local invention In analyzing technological change we will use Solows function for technological change. Solows Technological change function Q = F(K, L; t) Q: Aggregate output K: Capital L: Labor t: Technical change Empirical Framework Q=F(K,L,I; t) Q: GDP K: Invesments L: Labor force I: Local invention t: Technical Change F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Invention and innovation have proven to be crucial components for the development of modern societies (Marton-Lefà ¨vre, 2003). This study is important therefore in order to analyze the current status of the local inventions in the Philippines and its linkage to national development. Since it has always been based on the presence of necessity that inventions are created, there is always a need and a demand for inventions especially for the less developed countries that are in the process of industrialization. However, this demand for local invention is not quite evident in the Philippine market. This study therefore aims to analyze the current problems that local inventions face and analyze the effectiveness of the innovation system that we have in the Philippines. According to Johnson et al, the history and development of the innovation system concept indicates that it can be useful for analyzing less developed economies (Johnson, Edquist, Lundvall, 2003). This paper therefore, is significant in order for us to become aware of the current situation of the local inventions, its history and development in the Philippines in order to create solutions to its problems. This study is important also for us to know the impact of local inventions to our economy and be able to provide basis on the applicability of the concept that inventions, being the source of technological change, can lead to national development. F. SCOPE AND LIMITATION The study is limited to the local inventions that were given residential patent grants. This is to make sure that the local invention passed the criteria of IPPHIL and WIPO. This means that the local invention complies with the standard definition of invention by these two patent offices. The scope of the study in terms of commercialization process only includes local inventions that were licensed, venture and assigned. These three are the basic ways to commercialize an invention. The analysis of current issues in local inventions will be limited to the data provided by the annual report of TAPI-Technology application and promoting institute, the official government institute that helps local invention to be commercialized. The timeframe of the study is from 2000-2010. This is due to the lack of availability of some datas regarding local inventions. The area of the study is in the Philippine setting. Local inventions created by a Filipino with patent grant. CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE I. CURRENT SITUATION OF LOCAL INVENTION Local inventions comprised only 1.2% of over 8,000 patents granted by the IPO (Intellectual Property Office) of the Philippines over the last six years, indicating the lack of awareness on the value of IP rights (Flores, 2007) Currently there is a lack of patent applications as stated by the IPO by Filipino inventors who wish to patent their inventions, because of lack of awareness on the value of such patent rights, inventors tend to not apply at all. The lack of knowledge of Filipino inventors on such patent rights and exclusive incentives are one of the reasons of the small percentage of patent applications. The number one reason is the level of awareness on the availability of support services being provided by the IPO (Gefty, 2011) In order to solve the current problems of the Philippine local inventors, there have been laws existing to support and encourage the local inventions. One of which is the Republic Act 7459, or the Investors and Invention Incentives Act of the Philippines whose aim is to give priority to invention and its utilization on the countrys productive systems and national life; and to this end provide incentives to investors and protect their exclusive right to their invention, particularly when the invention is beneficial to the people and contributes to national development and progress. Some of its provisions are to give cash rewards amounting up to Php100,000.00 to the chosen outstanding inventors They also give tax incentives and exemptions as well as invention development assistance funds through the Technology Application and Promotion Institute in the amount of at least twelve percent (12%) of the annual operations fund of the Institute from donations, bequests, and other sources, public, private or domestic or foreign, for assisting potential or actual inventors in the initial experiments and prototype development and other invento r-development related activities of invention or innovation. Included in Article 5 of RA 7459 is the Invention Guarantee Fund created by RA no. 3850. A continuing annual appropriation in the amount of not less than Ten Million Pesos (P10, 000,000.00) shall also be provided for this purpose in the annual budget of the Department of Science and Technology. The Fund shall also be used for special financing programs for Filipino inventions pursuant under this Act. This also includes Financial and Loan Assistance from Government Banks of not more than Two-hundred Thousand Pesos (P200, 000.00). These are Loan assistance for the commercial production of an invention, either locally or for export and duly certified by the Filipino Inventors Society and the Screening Committee created under Section 4, shall be extended by government banks: Provided, That said invention meets the criteria that would enhance the economy of the country such as profitability and viability, dollar-earning capacity, and generation of employment opportunities for Filipinos: P rovided, further, That said loan shall be guaranteed by the IGF. II. THE PROCESS OF INVENTION It has been noted that we know in our hearts what an invention is and the idea of invention is said to have assumed a status like that of consciousness or mind, something we can express of but not quite articulate (Arthur, 2005). WIPO provided a definition of invention such as; a new product or process that solves a technical problem. Invention is an example of an intellectual property. Under the intellectual property, there are two categories namely; industrial property and copyright. Invention is categorized under industrial property. An invention must be patented in order to protect ones intellectual property rights. An invention must, in general, fulfil the following conditions to be protected by a patent. Before it can be patented, one invention must abide by the requirements of WIPO such as; It must be of practical use; it must show an element of novelty, meaning some new characteristic that is not part of the body of existing knowledge in its particular technical field and mus t show an inventive step that could not be deduced by a person with average knowledge of the technical field (WIPO, 2000). It has been emphasize that the single most important element of long term growth is the innovative activity (Rosenberg, 2004). This Innovative activity can be in terms of organization or production. Focusing on production, most of us will think about technological progress created by inventions. A handful of readings will indicate how important inventions are to our economy; in most of the developed country have economic indicators relating to technological progress. So much have been said about how important inventions are but only some will tell about how it came about. In the study conducted by Ruttan, he cited a study of Usher; recognizing and agreeing with the statements. In Ushers Chapter IV of the revised edition of A History of Mechanical Innovations, he identifies three general approaches on how invention came about; the transcendentalist, mechanistic process and the cumulative synthesis (Ruttan, 1959). According to Usher the transcendentalists ascribe the occurrence of invention to the occasional inspiration of a genius who from time to time realizes a direct knowledge of indispensable truth through the exercise of intuition. While the Mechanistic process represents a new combination of individual elements that accumulated over time. This process came about due to necessity and that the inventor is just an instrument of the processes. Among the three approaches on how invention came about, Usher believed and agreed with the cumulative synthesis-major inventions materialize through cumulative synthesis of simple inventions, each of which enta ils an individual act of insight. In case of individual invention, four steps were outlined: perception of the problem, setting the stage (the gathering of elements and data needed for the construction of the possible solution), the act of insight (the establishment of the solution to the problem) and critical revision (can be comprehended and working) (Ruttan, 1959). According to Usher, these three approaches are the possible logic behind how inventions are made, but at the same time criticizing the first two approaches and agreeing with the cumulative synthesis. The other way of looking on how invention came about is through a sociological and economical perspective. One author noted that novel technologies are influenced by social needs; they arise from experiences outside the standard domain; they often originated in cultures that reinforce risk; they retort to economic incentives (such as demand or factor price changes); they merge with the accumulation of scientific knowledge; they start better with the interchange of information which is often mediated by networks of colleagues (Arthur, 2005). Overall, the process of invention is compound, lengthy, determined, knowledge generating, boundary-transgressing, and notable for a number of other features (THE LEMELSON-MIT PROGRAM, 2004). Besides looking in the invention process per se, invention will not be around if not because of its creator, the inventor. There are a number of abilities and disposition that can be attributed to the production of invention such as; resourcefulness, resilience, a commitment to practical action, nonconformity, passion for the work, unquenchable optimism and many more. Skills and ability examples: mental flexibility, alertness to practical problems and opportunities, ability to match ones talents with the problem, using a tool kit of effective ways to conceptualize and break down the problems, and self-knowledge helpful in managing ones endeavours and etc (THE LEMELSON-MIT PROGRAM, 2004). After knowing the process of invention and sample skills of inventors, we must recognize the importance of RD in the invention process. As of today most of invention does not come from an individual but by groups such as research institute financed by the government or private firms. These institutes are normally called research and development (RD) institutes. According to OECD definition, Research and development is a term used in covering three activities: basic research, applied research, and experimental development. It has been said that the common role of RD is to encourage innovation and technology by improving the ability of firms to learn about advances in the leading edge (absorptive capacity) (Griffith, 2001). III. THE PROCESS OF COMMERCIALIZATION It is a given fact that the main goal of invention is to solve a problem by technical process with this the beneficiaries of the invention will be satisfied. But how about the inventor, aside from the sense of achievement and acknowledgement what can he benefit from his invention? Here lies the emphasis on the commercialization process of invention. There are different ways to commercialize ones invention; either through licensing, self-venture or assignment. It has been noted that In order to reach the market, you have to find someone who can sell your invention or sell it yourself (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999). According to WIPO, Licensing occurs when a licensor grants exploitation rights over a patent to a licensee. A license is also a legal contract, and so it sets the terms and condition of the exchange of rights including other important details in using or producing ones invention (Mendes, 2000). Many inventors undertake licensing because of the huge amount of money that they can acquire and the level of responsibility is lower than using or selling your own invention (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999). There are considerable pros and cons regarding the licensing process. Heres the summary: the pros; licensing multiplies the resources to develop your invention, you may make some money and you may make it soon, and licensing frees you to do something else. The cons; you lose control of the technology; your own involvement is reduced, finding the right licensee is tough and protecting your interests is crucial (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999). It has been noted by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in United States that venturing or commercializing your technology by yourself is probably the hardest path to take especially if one does not have a background about business and marketing. It requires a lot of business skills and connections in order to successfully commercialized ones invention. There are also pros and cons with the use of this process. The pros; running a company can be exciting, in the long run, you may make a lot more money and it is your company and you control it. The cons; its risky, resources remain limited, youll be working and working and you probably wont make much money for quite a while (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999). In an assignment involves there is a trade and transmission of ownership of the patent by the assignor to the assignee (Mendes, 2000). It is probably the easiest way to commercialize an invention but in return the ownership of the patent does not belong to you and it is irrevocable. If you want a lump sum of money in an instant from your invention, this is probably the appropriate commercial process for you to use. Before an invention undergoes the process of commercialization, there are general prerequisites that are needed to be accomplished. First, it must be working, specifically an engineering prototype. Second, you should have a market analysis-you ask the basic questions in economics such as who, how, when, where and how much to produce. In addition, you need to know different market channels where your invention could reach. Last, a written plan-same as writing a business plan (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999). There are two things that should be prioritized in order to lessen ones problem in the process of commercialization. An inventor must acknowledge the cost and sources of capital. Cost can be in the forms of money, time and personal life, while sources of capital can in forms of debt capital, government funds and equity capital (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999). Overall, it seems that the commercialization of ones invention is one of the goals of an inventor. It is one of the preferred end points of such activity. A report emphasized the importance of commercialization of an invention and proclaimed it as a reward to the inventor. It also included the importance of relationship with different professions in order to make ones invention into the market-What good is an invention if it never makes it to market, or for that matter, I it never rewards its creator? Invention does not end with coming up with a new device or new process. It takes an equally adroit tenacity to form the relationships that will make the invention payoff (McPherson, 1995). Certain relationship must be established by the inventor with different business development professional in order to try making its invention into the market; maybe a patent attorney, market researcher, business development pro or perhaps an invention-marketing group (McPherson, 1995). IV. Government Support in Local Invention There are many government agencies as well as non-government organizations that support local inventions. Under the supervision of the Department of Science and Technology, is the establishment of the Technology Application Promotion Institute or TAPI. Its primary responsibility is to promote the commercialization of technologies and market the services of other operating units of the department (TAPI, 2008). Among others, TAPI also administers the Invention Development Assistance Fund for the initial experiments and prototype development and other invention-development related activities. Through this fund, TAPI has managed to conduct various programs that raise the level of awareness of various clients in the areas of technology application and utilization. Among these programs is the Academe/Industry Prototype Development Assistance Program which provides financial support for the fabrication and testing of commercial prototypes, the DOST Exposition and Fairs Program that promotes and exhibits technology materials, ideas and information, the Technology-Based Enterprise Development Assistance Program which gives financial assistance to technology-based micro, small and medium scale enterprises, the Investors Forum Program which brings together technology operators and investors to create actual business ventures, and many other programs that promotes and supports Philippine local inventions (TAPI, 2008). All these programs lie under the Technology Information and Promotion Division. Among various programs of the TAPI caters to agricultural enterprises, manufacturing firms, students and non-government organizations through its Investment and Business Operations Division. TAPI also extends its assistance to agricultural-based enterprises through the Consultancy for Agricultural Productivity Enhancement (CAPE). It also assists small and medium scale enterprises in manufacturing to attain higher productivity through the Manufacturing Productivity Extension (MPEX) Program and the Venture Financing Program. TAPI also caters to students, young professional in developing their entrepreneurial competencies through the Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program DOST-Academe Technology-Based Enterprise Development (SETUP-DATBED) Program. DOST also supports technology transfer through the Science and Technology volunteer Pool Program (STEVPP). This program basically provides experts and scientists to its interested clients in the various regions and municipalities in th e Philippines in order to provide them technical assistance on technology commercialization (TAPI, 2008) Lastly is the Invention Development Division (IDD) who is mainly responsible for providing financial assistance to Filipino inventors by upholding the intellectual property system as well as the business development of inventions and technologies (TAPI, 2008). They basically provide funding assistance for the local inventors in their activities such as securing intellectual property protection, industrial applications in private enterprises, manufacturing and testing of their inventions, developing their invention as an enterprise commodity and even travel assistance. They are also given tax and duty exemptions through an endorsement to the Bureau of Internal Revenue and the Department of Finance. Inventors are also encouraged to showcase their inventions through the National Invention Contest and Exhibits (NICE) wherein they can have cash incentives or prizes amounting to P150,000.00 as well as WIPO Gold Medals and certificates. This contest is held annually and is open for all local inventors in the academe (high school and college level) as well as those in the private sectors. Among the other agencies concerned in the promotion of local invention and the protection of intellectual property rights are the Filipino Inventors Society and the Intellectual Property Rights Office of the Philippines. V. Cultivating Technological Innovation for Development Development or innovation in society of technologies, such as information and communication technologies should be self-cultivated rather than imported. (Corea, 2000) Based from the research paper there is a need for developing countries to improve or focus on achieving a technological adoption particularly on Information Communication Technologies to reap its benefits. There have been multiple research disciplines to support such study particularly; behavioral notion on development, concepts of change, theoretical formulations. The paper applies these ideas for understanding the macro-phenomena of national development in terms of technological innovation Technological change as defined in the paper is any incremental or radical changes in the application of problem-solving knowledge to the production process, resulting in increased efficiency, either in the form of a product or service produced with lower costs or in the form of a qualitative improvement in a product or service.

Walkabout :: essays research papers

Walkabout Walkabout is about a young girl, her younger brother, and a bush boy who fight for survival in the Australian desert. James Vance Marshall, the author, shows many problems of survival that the children are faced with, throughout their journey in the Australian desert. Some of the barriers that they are faced with are: language barrier, unfamiliar surroundings and the lack of essential items. Survival in the wilderness can be challenging, however one must be able to overcome these barriers in order to survive. The children in this novel are always faced with a communication problem; do to the Aboriginal not knowing their language and visa versa. The children try to overcome this barrier by using hand gestures, and pointing to things that sound like the word. Communication is the most important asset that they need in order for survival. The children have a difficult time-sharing their thoughts with one another, thus making it very frustrating for all of them to get their thoughts out in the open: 'We don't know what you're saying. But we're lost. We want to go to Adelaide' (Marshall, 45). This quote that Peter says is proving that the two children did not understand what he was saying. Peter asked him a question in return but Peter had to try and use hand expressions in order for the Aboriginal to understand. A language barrier can cause many problems for anyone, however, the children are also faced with another obstacle and that is unfamiliar surroundings. Since the children are unfamiliar with the area and where everything is located in the wild, they do not know how to go about in their journey. With no compass and no map, the children are very puzzled and are lost before they even begin their journey to Adelaide. A compass or a map would have allowed them to know which direction they are heading in; instead they must try and use the sun as a guide. By being in an unfamiliar area the children feel lost and alone: 'Lying beneath the great slab of rock, he looked small and helpless, dwarfed by the immensity of his surroundings'; (Marshall, 18). Since the children are unfamiliar with their environment, knowing where they can locate food becomes a dilemma. Essential items needed for survival are always hard to come by in the desert. Food is the most essential item of them all. Walkabout :: essays research papers Walkabout Walkabout is about a young girl, her younger brother, and a bush boy who fight for survival in the Australian desert. James Vance Marshall, the author, shows many problems of survival that the children are faced with, throughout their journey in the Australian desert. Some of the barriers that they are faced with are: language barrier, unfamiliar surroundings and the lack of essential items. Survival in the wilderness can be challenging, however one must be able to overcome these barriers in order to survive. The children in this novel are always faced with a communication problem; do to the Aboriginal not knowing their language and visa versa. The children try to overcome this barrier by using hand gestures, and pointing to things that sound like the word. Communication is the most important asset that they need in order for survival. The children have a difficult time-sharing their thoughts with one another, thus making it very frustrating for all of them to get their thoughts out in the open: 'We don't know what you're saying. But we're lost. We want to go to Adelaide' (Marshall, 45). This quote that Peter says is proving that the two children did not understand what he was saying. Peter asked him a question in return but Peter had to try and use hand expressions in order for the Aboriginal to understand. A language barrier can cause many problems for anyone, however, the children are also faced with another obstacle and that is unfamiliar surroundings. Since the children are unfamiliar with the area and where everything is located in the wild, they do not know how to go about in their journey. With no compass and no map, the children are very puzzled and are lost before they even begin their journey to Adelaide. A compass or a map would have allowed them to know which direction they are heading in; instead they must try and use the sun as a guide. By being in an unfamiliar area the children feel lost and alone: 'Lying beneath the great slab of rock, he looked small and helpless, dwarfed by the immensity of his surroundings'; (Marshall, 18). Since the children are unfamiliar with their environment, knowing where they can locate food becomes a dilemma. Essential items needed for survival are always hard to come by in the desert. Food is the most essential item of them all.